01. Stage 4 Mesothelioma Overview
What Is Stage 4 Mesothelioma?
Stage 4 mesothelioma is the most advanced stage of the asbestos-related cancer. Mesothelioma cancer begins when tumors develop in the linings of organs. The most common form develops in the lining around the lungs. In stage 4 mesothelioma, the cancer has spread (metastasized) to distant lymph nodes, organs and tissues. This can include the liver and both lungs.
The distant spread of stage 4 mesothelioma may limit some treatment options. But many effective methods, like surgery and chemotherapy, can be used in this stage. Some new and emerging treatments have also increased potential options for late-stage patients. For instance, stage 4 mesothelioma patients have benefitted from immunotherapy in various studies.
Some advanced stage patients may prefer to receive palliative care rather than aggressive treatment. These care plans focus on improving patient comfort and managing symptoms instead of shrinking tumors.
Patients may choose palliative care out of concern about severe treatment side effects. But recent advances may allow patients to prioritize comfort and quality of life while shrinking tumors. For example, checkpoint inhibitors may boost quality of life and improve survival.
The Best New Treatments for Stage 4 Mesothelioma
Immunotherapies use a patient’s own immune system to find and attack cancer cells. This approach has already improved prognosis for some patients with advanced mesothelioma. Some of the most promising examples of this include:
- Checkpoint inhibitors: This type of immunotherapy drug makes it harder for cancer cells to evade the immune system. Then, the body can better identify and attack cancer cells. A recent landmark study treated patients with these drugs. Nearly half the study participants had stage 4 pleural mesothelioma. These patients lived about 55% longer than late-stage chemotherapy patients.
- Combination immunotherapy: Some stage 4 mesothelioma patients have participated in cutting-edge combination immunotherapy trials. In a combined CAR T-cell and Keytruda® (pembrolizumab) study, more than 70% of participants had stage 3 or 4 mesothelioma. Patients in this study lived about two years.
Resources for Mesothelioma Patients
02. Life Expectancy & Survival for Stage 4 Mesothelioma
Stage 4 Mesothelioma Life Expectancy and Survival Rates
In general, stage 4 mesothelioma life expectancy ranges from 12 to 26 months. Many factors may impact life expectancy, including where mesothelioma develops in the body and the treatment plan. Several treatment options have improved stage 4 mesothelioma survival in studies. Patients can discuss their individual life expectancy and mesothelioma treatment options with their doctors.
Stage 4 Pleural Mesothelioma Survival Statistics
In general, stage 4 pleural mesothelioma life expectancy is 12 months. With treatment, survival rates for stage 4 pleural mesothelioma are:
- 1-year: 52%
- 2-year: 24%
Recent advances show some forms of treatment may be better than others for stage 4 mesothelioma. Some treatments have been effective at extending life expectancy at this stage.
Examples of these treatments include checkpoint inhibitors and multimodal treatment plans. Multimodal plans are a combination of more than one treatment method.
Depending on treatment types, stage 4 malignant pleural mesothelioma life expectancies can vary.
Stage 4 Pleural Mesothelioma Life Expectancy by Treatment Type
| Systemic Chemotherapy | 11 months |
| Checkpoint Inhibitor Immunotherapy | 16 months |
| Multimodal Treatment | 23 months |
| No Treatment* | 6 months |
*Life expectancy shown for no treatment applies to all pleural mesothelioma patients regardless of stage
Stage 4 Peritoneal Mesothelioma Survival Statistics
In general, stage 4 peritoneal mesothelioma life expectancy is 26 months with treatment. Survival rates for stage 4 peritoneal mesothelioma patients who undergo treatment are:
- 1-year: 63%
- 3-year: 40%
Many factors may influence individual life expectancy. For example, patients treated with surgery-based plans may live longer than those receiving just chemotherapy. Stage 4 peritoneal mesothelioma patients can discuss these factors, including treatment options, with their doctors. Patients may have many possible treatment options, including promising new methods.
Stage 4 Pericardial and Testicular Mesothelioma Survival Statistics
Pericardial mesothelioma and testicular mesothelioma are less common types of this cancer. Survival rates are not yet known for stage 4 pericardial and testicular mesothelioma. The infrequency of these types means research is limited. Also, unlike pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma, these types of cancer do not have established staging systems.
General survival times for these types of mesothelioma, regardless of stage, are approximately:
- Pericardial mesothelioma: 6 months
- Testicular mesothelioma: About 6 years
A specialist can help estimate the prognosis for a pericardial or testicular mesothelioma patient.
03. Prognosis for Stage 4 Mesothelioma
Stage 4 Mesothelioma Prognosis
Many factors, including the stage of mesothelioma, can affect prognosis. Determining the stage helps doctors estimate prognosis and create a care plan. However, stage is not the only factor affecting prognosis.
Other factors, such as patient age and tumor location, can also impact prognosis. Doctors consider all factors when recommending treatments. For all stages, specialized treatment is the best way to improve a mesothelioma prognosis.
Statistics can help patients understand the typical progression of the disease. Still, each patient’s diagnosis is unique. One example is a recent CAR T-cell clinical trial. One stage 4 pleural mesothelioma patient lived more than 18 months. The patient survived 50% longer than stage 4 patients in a prior study.
04. Symptoms of Stage 4 Mesothelioma
Stage 4 Mesothelioma Symptoms
Patients with stage 4 mesothelioma may experience general symptoms of the disease like fatigue or fluid buildup. These symptoms may worsen if the tumors spread.
Palliative treatment options may be able to help manage discomfort from mesothelioma symptoms. For example, one common palliative treatment removes fluid buildup in the lungs. This can help ease breathing difficulties caused by the fluid.
05. Stage 4 Mesothelioma by Type
Stage 4 Mesothelioma by Type
A mesothelioma patient’s tumor location has a strong influence on their individual experience. For example, pleural mesothelioma tumors form in the lining around the lungs. In advanced stages, pleural tumors might spread to both lungs.
Peritoneal mesothelioma patients may not have the same experience because their tumors occur in the lining of the abdomen. So peritoneal tumors might spread to abdominal organs, such as the intestines.
Tumor location can also affect survival, symptoms and treatment. By working with a mesothelioma doctor, patients can understand what to expect.
Stage 4 Pleural Mesothelioma
Over the years, doctors have established and improved different staging systems. These systems allow doctors to assess how early or advanced an individual case may be. An effective staging system can help oncologists choose the best treatment for their patients.
Of the various systems, the tumor node metastasis (TNM) staging system is the most common. Doctors typically use the TNM staging system to evaluate cases of pleural mesothelioma.
With stage 4 mesothelioma, the cancer has spread to distant parts of the body. This spreading of cancer, called distant metastasis, may occur in the:
- Bones
- Distant organs or lymph nodes
- Liver
- Lung that did not have the initial tumor
The 1-year survival rate for stage 4 pleural mesothelioma is about 52%. The 2-year survival rate for stage 4 pleural mesothelioma is about 24%.
Stage 4 Peritoneal Mesothelioma
There is no staging system specifically for peritoneal mesothelioma, though the TNM system is still applicable. Mesothelioma doctors commonly use the Peritoneal Cancer Index (PCI) to stage this type.
This system divides the abdomen into nine distinct areas. Each area has a score based on the size of the tumor(s) in that area. Doctors add the scores to determine the stage. Stage 4 peritoneal mesothelioma has a PCI score between 31 and 39.
At this stage, tumors have spread outside the immediate area of the peritoneum. Spreading may occur in the:
- Chest wall
- Nearby lymph nodes throughout the abdominal cavity
- Other distant tissues and organs
The 1-year survival rate for stage 4 peritoneal mesothelioma is about 63%. The 3-year survival rate for stage 4 peritoneal mesothelioma is about 40%.
Stage 4 Pericardial Mesothelioma
Like peritoneal mesothelioma, there is no formal staging system for pericardial mesothelioma. Oncologists may use general cancer staging guidelines to determine the stage at diagnosis.
Because this type is rare, detection may occur in later stages. As with other types, stage 4 pericardial mesothelioma has spread to distant areas of the body. Stage 4 pericardial mesothelioma may spread to the:
- Abdomen
- Chest cavity
- Esophagus
- Other organs and tissues outside of the pericardium (heart lining)
Survival rate for this type is not broken down by stage because it is an uncommon form of mesothelioma.
Stage 4 Testicular Mesothelioma
Testicular mesothelioma accounts for less than 1% of all mesothelioma cases. The disease’s rarity complicates the staging process for mesothelioma doctors. In general, doctors stage testicular mesothelioma based on the cancer’s spread to distant:
- Lymph nodes
- Organs
- Tissues
Once diagnosed, testicular mesothelioma patients and their doctors can discuss next steps. These may include staging, treatment and other supportive measures.
06. Treatment for Stage 4 Mesothelioma
Stage 4 Mesothelioma Treatment
In the past, treatments for stage 4 mesothelioma were relatively limited. Now, advances in research and drug development have opened up new possibilities. Because of these advances, some stage 4 patients may have almost as many options as stage 2 or 3 patients, including:
- Alternative therapies
- Cancer-directed surgery as part of a multimodal (combined) plan
- Chemotherapy
- Clinical trials
- Immunotherapy
Surgery for Stage 4 Mesothelioma
A common misconception about stage 4 mesothelioma is that surgery is no longer an option. Recent studies show this is not always true for pleural or peritoneal mesothelioma. Stage 4 patients have participated in several studies that involved surgery-based treatment. Stage 4 mesothelioma patients represented between 10% and 30% of the participants in each study.
These studies included the following surgeries as part of a multimodal treatment plan:
- Pleurectomy/decortication (P/D): This is a common surgical procedure for pleural mesothelioma. P/D removes the lining around the lung (the pleura) and tumors or fibrous tissue from the surface of the lung. The procedure allows patients to keep both lungs but still removes cancerous tissue.
- Cytoreductive surgery (CRS): This is a common surgical procedure for peritoneal mesothelioma. CRS removes as much cancerous tissue as possible from the abdomen. Often, doctors combine CRS with a heated chemotherapy, called hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC).
Some patients may prefer milder treatments aimed at increasing comfort and managing symptoms. Palliative options for stage 4 mesothelioma include minor surgeries, such as:
- Paracentesis: This procedure removes fluid from the abdominal cavity. This can help ease feelings of bloating caused by the fluid buildup.
- Pleurocentesis/Thoracentesis: This procedure removes excess fluid around the lungs (pleural effusion). A doctor uses a needle to drain fluid buildup, reducing pressure on the lungs. This can help patients breathe easier.
- Pleurodesis: This procedure treats excess fluid around the lungs (pleural effusion) with a slightly different approach. It attempts to prevent fluid buildup by closing the space between layers of the pleura. If successful, this can help prevent breathing issues related to pleural effusion.
According to research, even palliative treatments can extend life expectancy by months.
Immunotherapy for Stage 4 Mesothelioma
Immunotherapy is a newer treatment that has recently become a standard option for mesothelioma. This treatment helps the body identify and attack cancer cells. There are different types of immunotherapy treatments, like CAR T cells and checkpoint inhibitors. Checkpoint inhibitors have approval for treating mesothelioma, while CAR T-cell treatment for mesothelioma is still in trial stages.
Checkpoint Inhibitors for Stage 4 Mesothelioma
Checkpoint inhibitor drugs may be an option for stage 4 mesothelioma patients. These drugs help the immune system identify and attack tumor cells that could otherwise avoid detection.
One recent, important study treated mesothelioma with two checkpoint inhibitors. The study included more than 300 patients with stage 4 pleural mesothelioma. The drug combination of Opdivo® (nivolumab) and Yervoy® (ipilimumab) provided several notable benefits:
- Boosted quality-of-life: Opdivo+Yervoy improved patients’ quality-of-life better than chemotherapy.
- Improved survival: Compared to chemotherapy, Opdivo+Yervoy extended survival by 50%.
These findings represent the best known survival for non-surgical pleural mesothelioma treatments.
Combination Immunotherapy in Advanced Mesothelioma
Doctors have had success in treating advanced mesothelioma with combination immunotherapy treatments. One innovative trial treated pleural mesothelioma with CAR T-cell therapy and a checkpoint inhibitor called Keytruda.
More than 70% of the study’s patients had late-stage pleural mesothelioma. One stage 4 patient survived more than 50% longer than stage 4 patients in a prior study. Research continues to study the effectiveness of late-stage mesothelioma cancer treatments.
Multimodal Therapies for Stage 4 Mesothelioma
Some stage 4 patients may benefit from multimodal therapy, or combining various treatments. This is a common treatment choice for eligible patients. Depending on the stage, some treatment combinations may provide more benefits than others.
For stage 4 mesothelioma patients, doctors routinely combine these therapies:
- P/D + HITHOC: This multimodal treatment for pleural mesothelioma combines P/D surgery with heated chemotherapy. After surgery, doctors apply hot chemotherapy, called hyperthermic intrathoracic chemotherapy (HITHOC), to the pleural cavity. One study found mesothelioma patients treated with P/D and HITHOC lived about 35 months.
- CRS + HIPEC: This multimodal treatment for peritoneal mesothelioma combines CRS surgery with heated chemotherapy. After surgery, doctors apply HIPEC to the abdominal cavity. One study found stage 4 patients lived about 26 months after this treatment.
Peritoneal patients ineligible for CRS + HIPEC may receive pressurized intraperitoneal aerosol chemotherapy (PIPAC). At least one study found that repeated PIPAC therapy helped advanced-stage mesothelioma patients become eligible for CRS + HIPEC.
Multimodal therapy may now be more common among stage 4 patients than in the past. Patients should speak with an expert to understand all their options.
Chemotherapy for Stage 4 Mesothelioma
Doctors may use systemic chemotherapy to extend survival and improve quality of life. Some of the most common chemotherapy drugs for stage 4 patients are:
In some cases, doctors may recommend supplementing chemotherapy with a targeted therapy called bevacizumab. Research shows this may extend survival for qualified patients.
Stage 4 Mesothelioma Clinical Trials
Stage 4 mesothelioma patients may qualify to take part in clinical trials. These trials investigate promising emerging and experimental treatments. Many stage 4 patients have been part of successful clinical trials.
For example, one recent trial studied photodynamic therapy with late-stage mesothelioma patients. The treatment plan also included P/D and chemotherapy. Patients with stage 4 mesothelioma had a median survival of about 37 months.
An ongoing clinical trial is combining a cell therapy called gavo-cel with Opdivo and Yervoy to treat advanced mesothelioma. Preliminary results from some study patients showed a median progression-free survival of 5.6 months and a median overall survival of 11.2 months.
Patients and their doctors can discuss which clinical trials may be a good fit for their plan.
Alternative Therapies for Stage 4 Mesothelioma
Stage 4 mesothelioma patients may consider using alternative therapies alongside standard ones. Alternative treatments are not curative but aim to increase patients’ comfort and manage symptoms. Some alternative therapies can also help manage the side effects of traditional treatment.
Alternative therapies include herbal medicine, acupuncture and dietary supplements. Nutrition professionals and doctors can also explain what to include in a healthy cancer diet. Patients and their doctors can determine which alternative therapies may work with their diagnoses and other treatments.
07. Managing Stage 4 Mesothelioma
Coping With a Stage 4 Mesothelioma Diagnosis
A stage 4 mesothelioma diagnosis can be emotional for patients and their loved ones. But informational and supportive resources are available to help navigate this journey. These resources may help manage emotional, mental and physical well-being.
Patients may feel overwhelmed by the medical information they’re receiving. Mesothelioma specialists can offer guidance and help explain the details of a diagnosis. Patients can discuss any questions they have with their care team. This can help patients and their loved ones better understand their diagnoses.
Patients may also worry that their life expectancy is final and set in stone. But with treatment, many stage 4 patients have outlived their initial life expectancies. Mesothelioma survivor stories may encourage patients and their loved ones. Mesothelioma support groups can also provide comfort. Patients may find these groups through their cancer centers, doctors or online.
Each mesothelioma experience and decision is personal, including choices about what comes next. Stage 4 patients may choose to consider future preparations, too. There are many professionals who can guide them through these processes. Patients and their loved ones can find more resources about these topics below.
Resources for Final Stage Mesothelioma Patients: End-of-Life Planning and More
Dealing with end-stage mesothelioma can be daunting, but resources are available to improve quality of life and give patients peace of mind. Resources are also available for family members and caregivers.
- Connect With the Mesothelioma Community
- Learn How to Pay Medical Bills and Provide Financial Security for Loved Ones
- Learn More About End-of-Life Planning
Stage 4 mesothelioma patients and their loved ones have many options to support them. Visit our patient resources page to learn more about how we help mesothelioma patients.
08. Common Questions
Common Questions About Stage 4 Mesothelioma
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What are the treatment options for stage 4 mesothelioma?
- Stage 4 treatment options are less limited than they once were, thanks to advances in research and drug development. Stage 4 treatments may be less aggressive but can still include surgery, immunotherapy and palliative treatments aimed at improving quality of life.
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Has anyone survived stage 4 mesothelioma?
- There is currently no cure for mesothelioma. However, advancements in mesothelioma treatment have helped improve survival for all stages of the disease. According to the most recent research, stage 4 mesothelioma patients live about 12 – 26 months with treatment.
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How is stage 4 mesothelioma different from earlier stages?
- The main difference between stage 4 mesothelioma and earlier stages is that the cancer has metastasized. This means it has spread to distant organs, tissues and lymph nodes. Metastasis may result in worse symptoms than in earlier stages before the cancer has spread.
